https://whdc.ac/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia 2026-05-26T07:19:57Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.5 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=225275&oldid=prev 2026-05-24T09:53:12Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:53, 24 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As most of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine samples obtained </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this study </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found to contain other SCBs’ metabolites </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other drugs</del>, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urinary profile </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">three individual urine samples </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">encompass 4F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BINACA metabolites exclusively (Table 3) is worth considering when selecting a suitable urinary marke</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca </del>headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly availabl&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;These synthetic cannabinoids act directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC) found in marijuana, but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9-THC, different metabolism, and often greater toxicity (Fantegrossi </del>et al., 2014). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in rats trained to discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (3 </del>mg/kg<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 30-min pretreatment)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-MDMB-PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-ADB-PINACA</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and AMB-FUBINACA </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also known as FUB-AMB</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were tested for in vivo cannabinoid</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">like effects </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">assess their abuse liabilit</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although there were reports on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using </del>in<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-vivo and various in-vitro models, studies were either conducted using small in-vivo sample size such </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 to 4 samples [5</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons </del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low-level expression </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">several metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CYP</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">class of proteins [17, 18]. In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine, the identification </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolites is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Identifying SCB intake </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its correlating specific adverse </del>effects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">require rapid elucidation of these SCBs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The proliferation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">illegal drug market </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evade existing drug law</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Locomotor activity in mice </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">act at the CB1 receptor</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mice. AMB-FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Adams </del>et al., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017; Hamilton et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017)</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active and toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">narrow</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Following that line of reasoning</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it should also be noted that some </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more recent compounds produced non-linear dose-effect curves </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">such that intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not (Gatch </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Forster</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds identified as available on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by the US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing have fully substituted at some dose (Gatch and Forster 2014, 2015, 2016</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018); however; </del>it is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">important </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fig. 2. </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our findings revealed that both victims consumed large amounts of alcohol preceding their deaths </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood alcohol concentrations (BAC</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were 2</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11 and 2.49 g/L, respectively</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Forensic autopsy of both victims was performed four days after </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death following the Recommendation No</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">99</del>)3 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of the Council of Europe on medico-legal autopsies. Elegans demonstrated the ability to form all of the in-vivo metabolites </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has the potential to be used as a complementary model to predict and characterize human metabolites, as well as identifying possible drug toxicities </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emerging SCBs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thus, identification of the relevant urinary markers </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">based primarily upon the prevalence of </del>the in<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-vivo metabolites instead </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the metabolites ranking that was based upon % peak area abundance ratio. Moreover</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genetic makeup</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physiological conditions (age, gender [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/ adb butinaca] and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">obesity) would further complicate </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolism of drugs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It should be noted that % peak area abundance ratios do not necessarily reflect absolute concentrations due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">differences in ionization capacity and matrix effects bias for each metabolite.&lt;br&gt;Data concerning </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">combined effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRAs </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other substances are highly limited</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which renders forensic evaluation of possible overdose cases difficult . The threshold SCRA concentration </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">37–4.1 ng/mL according </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reported cases) in cases in which 1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol is present in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood. The victims </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These confusing shorter names </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling the drugs </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the public</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fungus</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liver microsomes </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the author</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an ashtray; also found </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette bo&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Test 2 was performed everyday for 5 days after consecutive administration of the substances, including negative (vehicle) </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">positive (methamphetamine) controls. After the last administration</ins>, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first trial was performed. Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes of learning and memory function through administration </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test substances. Generally, neurotoxicity of a substance is evaluated by animal behavioral aspects, i.e. functional observation battery (FOB) tests (O’Callaghan et al., 2014). Our results suggest </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH-081 and JWH</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 may 5CLADBA be neurotoxic substances through changing neuronal cell damages, especially in the core shell part of nucleus accumbens.&lt;br&gt;About Powder JWH</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5CLADBA </ins>headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly availabl&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">17 mg/kg </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch </ins>et al., 2014)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">03 </ins>mg/kg <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Gatch et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018</ins>), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;THC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SRCA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lysergic acid diethylamide </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LSD)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gamma</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxybutyrate (GHB</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and ketamine are likely to become volatile under the temperature of current e</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarettes, while crack cocaine is hard </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vaporis</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds tested </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the present study depressed locomotor activity </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Average horizontal activity counts/10 min </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a function </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min bins</ins>) and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Depressant effects </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak depressant </ins>effects <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] observed between 0–30 min</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Duration </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.5 h following 1 mg/k</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legal status </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Briefly, the FOB test </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">comprised </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">several behavioral changes including catalepsy, traction, tremor, convulsion, exopthalmos, piloerection, salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, skin coloration, pinna reflex, righting reflex, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The FOB test </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">performed using published procedures </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moser </ins>et al., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1989) with some modifications</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because of their subjective properties</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">necessary to set up a more objective automated measurement to determine their neurotoxicity</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there are only a couple </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">anecdotal reports suspecting </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Newell</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012; Harris </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Brown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013; Hermanns et al</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2013&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;While </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patient's symptoms strongly suggest </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inhalation of ADB-BUTINACA</ins>, it is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">worth considering that these symptoms could also be attributed </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nicotine exposure</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as the symptoms partially overlap with known nicotine effect</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are gaining popularity globally, clinicians have to understand that intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">earlier that day just before </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onset </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his symptoms</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Metabolic acidosis </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1/3, 0/7</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and respiratory acidosis (1/</ins>3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 0/7), All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ventilation </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one case</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 3 cases ADB-BUTINACA </ins>was the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only substance detected, while </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seven other substances </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">misuse were also detected including other SCRA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">opioids</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabali&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Figure 1</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min</ins>, and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle or Δ9-THC </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ) was available as a reinforcer </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">every ten responses </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered over the hopper close </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ceiling and was illuminated only when </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">levers </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">active</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included doses that </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Twenty</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">four male Sprague</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maintained in the University </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=225245&oldid=prev 2026-05-24T09:50:05Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:50, 24 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters </del>were found <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an unopened box </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebivolol</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette bo</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoids (Davidson</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wiley et al., 2016</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. It is not known whether </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">increased toxicity is due only to activation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB1 </del>cannabinoid <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">receptors more strongly than Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC or whether these "super</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptors</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A major cause of concern is that some of the more recently seen synthetic </del>cannabinoids are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fantegrossi, 2017</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Buy Jwh-210 </del>at <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">USA K2 INCENSE STORE </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enjoy premium quality</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flexible quantities</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fast</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">secure shipping</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fast shipping and pure product</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">highly recommended for anyone needing quality incense ingredients</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">" 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟 You can buy jwh</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 online in quantities of [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb.com/ adb butinaca] 10g</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30g</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">50g</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">100g</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">150g</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">200g at USA K2 INCENSE STORE for premium quality and discreet shipping. In some areas, it is classified </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a controlled substance</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">while </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">others, it may be legal for research or incense use. The legal status of jwh</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 varies by country and region.</del>&lt;br&gt; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Key Features and Specifications to Evaluate </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In case </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabis or Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tetrahydrocannabinol</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there are many adb butinaca previous </del>studies <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regarding </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their dependence potential and neurotoxicity (Cororan</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1974; Harris</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1974; Leite </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Culini</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1974; Hutcheson</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1998)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After administering test substances once every other day for 10 days</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">brain samples </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice were collected, especially at nucleus accumbens </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hippocampus regions</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drug was administered 5 times every other day, </del>and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first trial was performed 2 h after the last administration.</del>&lt;br&gt; <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">How to Choose Powder JWH-210 </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This dual</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">use nature underscores the importance </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">responsible sourcing </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strict adherence to legal frameworks</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Forensic labs</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">public health researchers</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and customs officials use authentic samples like JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 to distinguish between legal and illegal compounds </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seized materials</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">For those seeking a dependable compound for analytical purposes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH-210 Chemical Powder provides a trusted and effective solution</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With its carefully controlled production process</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stable composition</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">secure packaging</del>, it <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">remains a valuable resource for laboratory</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">based research.&lt;br&gt; Is JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 Legal? &lt;br&gt;A total of 2 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 methamphetamine treated mice fell from the spinning rod 30 min </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 hr after the administration</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">respectively</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first injection, 6 mice of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">positive control group </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 mg/kg</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i.p</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) showed loss of traction</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of which 4 showed tremor. Most of the abnormalities were normalized in synthetic cannabinoid treated mice although those abnormal behaviors remained in methamphetamine treated animals after 2 hr of administration. Brain samples were prepared from the mice after the last administration of test substance</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A 30-min period</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">beginning when maximal depression </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor activity first appeared as a function </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose, was used for analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">response data and calculation of ED50 values</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During test sessions, both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca reinforcement. The substitution tests occurred only if </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats had achieved 85% injection</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two prior training sessions.&lt;br&gt;The locomotor activity assay was </del>used to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">identify approximate time courses </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose ranges of psychoactive effects</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is useful for </del>identifying <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parameters </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time course </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psychoactive effects </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human users. The purpose </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB-FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug discrimination is currently </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">best model for assessing abuse liability </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabinoids</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produce active drug-seeking </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The % peak area abundance ratio </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolites detected in the urine samples </del>are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often affected by numerous factors such as drug intake behaviour (intake route</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amount </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug and intake frequency), time from last drug intake and metabolic stability</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This indicated that the phase I metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to </del>be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affected significantly by polydrug intake</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation (B17</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolite, the second major metabolite after monohydroxylation </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed in-vivo in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F</del>-MDMB-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PINACA </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-4en-PINACA [39, 40]</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Similar </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in-vivo findings, </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ester hydrolysis (B22) was the major metabolite for both HepG2 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">HLM models, consistent </del>with the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">known hydrolytic activity of CES reported</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As most of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine samples obtained in this study </ins>were found <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to contain other SCBs’ metabolites and other drugs</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the urinary profile </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the three individual urine samples that encompass 4F</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-BINACA metabolites exclusively (Table 3) is worth considering when selecting </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suitable urinary marke</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug detection, offering higher sensitivity</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specificity</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and a broader spectrum of detectable substances</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Despite all negative results </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the point-</ins>of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-care test for recreational drugs, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-</ins>of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-flight mass spectrometry </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LC-QTOF-MS</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">analysis showed that </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liquid </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic </ins>cannabinoid<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. We report a 27</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">year</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden adb butinaca headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Synthetic </ins>cannabinoids are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gaining popularity globally </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detection is not commonly availabl</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These synthetic cannabinoids act directly </ins>at <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabinoid CB1 </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in marijuana, but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9-THC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different metabolism</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often greater toxicity (Fantegrossi et al.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in rats trained to discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (3 mg/kg, 30</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">min pretreatment)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-MDMB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PINACA (also known as 5F</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-ADB-PINACA)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-CHIMICA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB-FUBINACA (also known </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUB-AMB</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MMB-FUBINACA) were tested for </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vivo cannabinoid</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">like effects to assess their abuse liabilit&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although there were reports on the metabolism </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA using in-vivo and various in</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vitro models</ins>, studies <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were either conducted using small in-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [5, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons . The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results </ins>with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">relatively stable enzyme concentration</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">although they are limited by the low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including the cytochrome P450 (CYP) class of proteins [17</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tissue or cell cultures </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12</ins>,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13,14</ins>,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15</ins>,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the identification of metabolites is </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vital importance for forensic </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">clinical toxicologists</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Identifying SCB intake </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs. The proliferation of SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">illegal drug market to evade existing drug law&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">active dose ranges and times </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">act at the CB1 receptor</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mice. AMB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational users (Adams et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017; Hamilton et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2017)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA is narrow. Following that line of reasoning</ins>, it <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">linear dose</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">effect curves </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect, such that intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not (Gatch </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Forster</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of the compounds identified as available on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing have fully substituted at some dose </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch and Forster 2014</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015, 2016</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018); however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fig. 2. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our findings revealed that both victims consumed large amounts of alcohol preceding their deaths (blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were 2.11 and 2.49 g/L</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">respectively). Forensic autopsy of both victims was performed four days after the time </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death following the Recommendation No.R (99)3 </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Council </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Europe on medico</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">legal autopsies</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Elegans demonstrated the ability </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form all of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vivo metabolites and has </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">potential to be </ins>used <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a complementary model </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">predict </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">characterize human metabolites</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as well as </ins>identifying <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">possible drug toxicities </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emerging SCBs. Thus, identification </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">relevant urinary markers was based primarily upon the prevalence </ins>of the in<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-vivo metabolites instead </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolites ranking that </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">based upon % peak area abundance ratio. Moreover</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genetic makeup</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">physiological conditions (age</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gender [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb.com/ adb butinaca] and ethnicity)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environmental influences (diet) </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and obesity) would further complicate </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolism </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drugs</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It should be noted </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">% peak area abundance ratios do not necessarily reflect absolute concentrations due </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">differences </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ionization capacity and matrix effects bias for each metabolite.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Data concerning the combined effects </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRAs and other substances </ins>are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">highly limited</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which renders forensic evaluation </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">possible overdose cases difficult </ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can </ins>be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">estimated ng/mL level (0.37–4</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 ng/mL according to the reported cases</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in cases in which 1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol is present </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F</ins>-MDMB-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BINACA </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ethanol</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling the drugs </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">public. Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line, fungus, liver microsomes </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies </ins>with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human participants or animals performed by any of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">author</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=225192&oldid=prev 2026-05-24T09:44:23Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:44, 24 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the compounds tested </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other </del>synthetic cannabinoids (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see review by Wiley </del>et al., 2017). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Average horizontal </del>activity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">counts/10 min as a function of time </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min bins</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and dose</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Depressant effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant </del>effects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were pop over here observed between 0–30 min</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Duration </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.5 h following 1 mg/k</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A limitation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this case report </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that we did not have </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine sample available </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">additional NPS testing</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Point</del>-of-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">care DOA tests using urine to screen </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">misuse </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">multiple substances</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regularly include cannabis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amphetamines</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cocaine</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">opioids</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">benzodiazepines </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methadone</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC</del>, methamphetamine, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SRCA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lysergic acid diethylamide </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LSD</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gamma</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxybutyrate (GHB) </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ketamine are likely </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">become volatile under </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">temperature </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">current e-cigarettes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">while crack cocaine </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hard to vaporise</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A systematic review including data </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">114 patients of which </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">majority </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intoxicated due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA smoking revealed that 45 % </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patients who present at </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ER after </del>an <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intoxication due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA smoking recovered within 24 hours</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The % peak area abundance ratio of metabolites detected in the urine samples are often affected by numerous factors such as drug intake behaviour (intake route, amount of drug and intake frequency), time from last drug intake and metabolic stability. This indicated that the phase I metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to be affected significantly by polydrug intake. Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation (B17) metabolite, the second major metabolite after monohydroxylation in the C. Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed in-vivo in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F-MDMB-PINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA [39, 40]. Similar to the in-vivo findings, 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis (B22) was the major metabolite for both HepG2 and HLM models, consistent with the known hydrolytic activity of CES reported<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. It is illegal to sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. The corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA), has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on the internet, first being identified in May 2020. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA (also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide famil&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes in learning and memory function. Only a few case reports about the dangers of some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness et al., 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013). In addition, the lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However, slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity. The substances used in the present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure. (B) The ratio of damaged cells containing pyknotic or condensed nuclei and low hematoxilin affinity to total cells were calculated in nucleus accumben&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018). All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period of maximal effect, and planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval. Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h at the [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ pop over here] highest dose tested (0.5 mg/kg).&lt;br&gt;Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al., 2016), and a compound from the present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al., 2016). As previously mentioned, all of the compounds tested in the present study (MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al., 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018), which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mice.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During the death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unrecognizable herbal residue </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a cigarette bo&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use of </ins>synthetic cannabinoids (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davidson, </ins>et al., 2017). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of </ins>activity <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wiley et al., 2016</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only to activation </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce </ins>effects <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at other receptors</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A major cause of concern is that some </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Buy Jwh-210 at USA K2 INCENSE STORE and enjoy premium quality, flexible quantities, and fast, secure shipping. Fast shipping and pure product-highly recommended for anyone needing quality incense ingredients." 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟 You can buy jwh-210 online in quantities </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ adb butinaca] 10g, 30g, 50g, 100g, 150g, and 200g at USA K2 INCENSE STORE for premium quality and discreet shipping. In some areas, it </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">classified as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">controlled substance, while in others, it may be legal </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">research or incense use</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The legal status of jwh</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 varies by country and region.&lt;br&gt; Key Features and Specifications to Evaluate &lt;br&gt;In case </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabis or Δ9</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tetrahydrocannabinol, there are many adb butinaca previous studies regarding with their dependence potential and neurotoxicity (Cororan, et al., 1974; Harris, et al., 1974; Leite and Culini, 1974; Hutcheson, et al., 1998). After administering test substances once every other day </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 days, brain samples </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice were collected</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">especially at nucleus accumbens and hippocampus regions. Drug was administered 5 times every other day</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the first trial was performed 2 h after the last administration.&lt;br&gt; How to Choose Powder JWH-210 &lt;br&gt;This dual-use nature underscores the importance of responsible sourcing and strict adherence to legal frameworks. Forensic labs</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">public health researchers</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and customs officials use authentic samples like JWH-210 to distinguish between legal and illegal compounds in seized materials. For those seeking a dependable compound for analytical purposes</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH-210 Chemical Powder provides a trusted </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">effective solution</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With its carefully controlled production process, stable composition, and secure packaging</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it remains a valuable resource for laboratory-based research.&lt;br&gt; Is JWH-210 Legal? &lt;br&gt;A total of 2 and 3 </ins>methamphetamine <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">treated mice fell from the spinning rod 30 min and 2 hr after the administration</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">respectively. After the first injection</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6 mice of the positive control group </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine, 5 mg/kg, i.p.</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">showed loss of traction, of which 4 showed tremor. Most of the abnormalities were normalized in synthetic cannabinoid treated mice although those abnormal behaviors remained in methamphetamine treated animals after 2 hr of administration. Brain samples were prepared from the mice after the last administration of test substance&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared as a function of dose</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was used for analysis of dose</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">response data </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">calculation of ED50 values. During test sessions, both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca reinforcement. The substitution tests occurred only if </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats had achieved 85% injection-appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions.&lt;br&gt;The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses and dose ranges </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psychoactive effects</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in human users</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The purpose </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study </ins>was to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids, drug discrimination is currently </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids. The findings produce </ins>an <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produce active drug-seeking in human</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The % peak area abundance ratio of metabolites detected in the urine samples are often affected by numerous factors such as drug intake behaviour (intake route, amount of drug and intake frequency), time from last drug intake and metabolic stability. This indicated that the phase I metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to be affected significantly by polydrug intake. Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation (B17) metabolite, the second major metabolite after monohydroxylation in the C. Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed in-vivo in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F-MDMB-PINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA [39, 40]. Similar to the in-vivo findings, 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis (B22) was the major metabolite for both HepG2 and HLM models, consistent with the known hydrolytic activity of CES reported</div></td></tr> </table>

Norris9662 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=225083&oldid=prev 2026-05-24T09:32:09Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:32, 24 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">§ (3) of the Hungarian act of Forensic Experts (2016.XXIX), the data of the reported case can be utilized freely for scientific and educational purposes without special ethical permission. These results indicate that the simultaneous intoxication of SCRA and ethanol directly and exclusively caused the death of the two victims. The victims did not have any significant diseases that could have contributed to the outcome. Very limited data are available in the scientific literature about the possible effects of the combined consumption of SCRAs and ethanol. Several case reports describe that the presence of a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1) of SCRAs and a high—but not lethal—concentration of ethanol (1.45–2.7 g/L) directly and exclusively contributed to the death of the victim [24–27] (Table 2). The fact that 4F-MDMB-BINACA was not detected in postmortem urine samples is partly explained by the high rate of hepatic metabolism of SCRAs [11, 14, 22], but also suggests that the victims consumed 4F-MDMB-BINACA shortly before their death&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared as a function of dose, was used for analysis of dose-response data and calculation of ED50 values. During test sessions, both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to 5CLADBA reinforcement. The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection-appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions.&lt;br&gt;The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses and dose ranges of psychoactive effects, which is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in human users. The purpose of the present study was to assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids, drug discrimination is currently the best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids. The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking in human&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</del>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5CLADBA </del>observed between 0–30 min. Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual doses were compared to the vehicle control value using </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">priori contrasts</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Response</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rate data were analyzed by one</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">way repeated-measure analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Percent drug</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding was shown only if at [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/ 5CLADBA] least three rats completed </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first fixed ratio, whereas all rats are shown for </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">response rate dat</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incubation, mixture was centrifuged </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">000 x g</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 °C) for 5 min </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 μL </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">supernatant was directly injected to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chromatographic system</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In the next step</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ammonium formate as salting agent was added </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mixture and incubated </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a thermomixer </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 °C, 1200 rpm</del>) for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15 min. After vortex-mixing</del>, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mixture was allowed to stand 5CLADBA at room temperature for 5 min. MS/MS experiments were performed </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an isolation window </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 m/z</del>. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS measurement was performed </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">positive ion mode </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">except for some acidic compounds such </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">barbiturates</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were observed </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA </del>in the present study. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pretreatment times </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">selected based on the time of peak depression </del>in the locomotor <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">activity assay in mice. Average potency of the </del>discriminative stimulus effects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg </del>(Gatch et al., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg </del>(Gatch et al., 2018)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">potency </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the current set is 0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">05±0.01 mg/kg. Short</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onset, short</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds pose problems </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The duration </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely</del>, with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some producing </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">others lasting more than 2 h</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There seems </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be a trend of newer </del>synthetic cannabinoids <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">being more potent than earlier compound</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Demographic </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">clinical features are recorded </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood </del>and/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or urine samples analysed using high</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The authors declare </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">work reported in this paper</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Second</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we could not 5CLADBA retrieve further detailed information about </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette that </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depends on whether </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug becomes volatile under </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evaporation temperature of the e</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Of </del>these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">samples</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">22 contained one or more SCRAs</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC </del>was only <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detected in 11 samples</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">difficulty </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">finding </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Data availabili</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pop over here </ins>observed between 0–30 min. Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A limitation </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this case report is that we did not have </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine sample available for additional NPS testing</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Point</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">care DOA tests using urine to screen for misuse </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">multiple substances, regularly include cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines and methadone</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC, methamphetamine, SRCA, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), gamma</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ketamine are likely to become volatile under the temperature of current e</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarettes, while crack cocaine is hard to vaporise</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A systematic review including data of 114 patients of which the majority was intoxicated due to SCRA smoking revealed that 45 % of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patients who present at </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ER after an intoxication due to SCRA smoking recovered within 24 hours</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The % peak area abundance ratio of metabolites detected in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine samples are often affected by numerous factors such as drug intake behaviour </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intake route</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amount of drug and intake frequency)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time from last drug intake </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolic stability</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This indicated that the phase I metabolism </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA are unlikely to be affected significantly by polydrug intake. Oxidative defluorination with subsequent butanoic acid formation (B17) metabolite, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">second major metabolite after monohydroxylation in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ester hydrolysis with dehydrogenation formed in-vivo in this study was also reported among other indazole carboxamide type SCBs with tert-leucine methyl ester moieties such as 5F-MDMB-PINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA [39</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">40]. Similar </ins>to the in<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-vivo findings, 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B22</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was the major metabolite </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both HepG2 and HLM models</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consistent with </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">known hydrolytic activity of CES reported&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Inclusion </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement </ins>with<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Health</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is illegal to sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</ins>. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA), has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on the internet, first being identified in May 2020. It has been used as an active ingredient </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also known </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide famil</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">learning and memory function. Only a few case reports about the dangers of some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness et al., 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013). In addition, the lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However, slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity. The substances used </ins>in the present study <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(B) The ratio of damaged cells containing pyknotic or condensed nuclei </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">low hematoxilin affinity to total cells </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">calculated </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nucleus accumben&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;In general, </ins>the locomotor <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depressant and </ins>discriminative stimulus effects <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 </ins>(Gatch et al., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016</ins>), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats </ins>(Gatch et al., 2018)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Subsequently, a one</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">min period of maximal effect</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree</ins>-of-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">freedom F tests</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A two-way analysis </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance</ins>, with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">between groups factor and time as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">within subject factor</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval. Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">times of peak effect</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar </ins>to synthetic cannabinoids <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gatch </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h at the [https:</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb.com/ pop over here] highest dose tested (0.5 mg/kg).&lt;br&gt;Figure 1</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;There is indication </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at least some of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016), and a compound from </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study, 5F-MDMB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PINACA, </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al., 2016)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As previously mentioned</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">all of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds tested in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study (MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018), which suggests </ins>these <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but the maximum dose tested </ins>was only <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.1 mg/kg</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gat</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=225048&oldid=prev 2026-05-24T09:27:49Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:27, 24 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legal status </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 Chemical Powder offers </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reliable solution </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">laboratories seeking a compound that meets stringent requirements</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers often require compounds </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are consistent and dependable, and this product delivers </del>on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both fronts</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Whether used in small</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scale experiments or larger research projects, </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compound maintains its integrity under recommended storage conditions</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This ensures ease </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">handling </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">precise measurement during laboratory use</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each batch undergoes detailed verification </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ensure purity</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">consistency</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accuracy</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">making it suitable </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">controlled experimental environments</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This </del>study <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was supported </del>by a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">grant </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13181MFDS654</del>) of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Institute </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Food </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drug Safety Evaluation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ministry of Food </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drug Safety</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Republic </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kore</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2018), and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Effects of individual doses were compared to the vehicle control value using a priori contrasts. Response-rate data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance. Percent drug-appropriate responding was shown only if at https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ least three rats completed the first fixed ratio, whereas all rats are shown for the response rate dat</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/] </del>retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. It is illegal to sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. The corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA), has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on the internet, first being identified in May 2020. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA (also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family.&lt;br&gt;Fig. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Our findings revealed that both victims consumed large amounts of alcohol preceding their deaths (blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were 2.11 and 2.49 g/L, respectively). Forensic autopsy of both victims was performed four days after the time of death following the Recommendation No.R (99)3 of the Council of Europe on medico-legal autopsies. Elegans demonstrated the ability to form all of the in-vivo metabolites and has the potential to be used as a complementary model to predict and characterize human metabolites, as well as identifying possible drug toxicities for emerging SCBs. Thus, identification of the relevant urinary markers was based primarily upon the prevalence of the in-vivo metabolites instead of the metabolites ranking that was based upon % peak area abundance ratio. Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions (age, gender https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, and obesity) would further complicate the metabolism of drugs. It should be noted that % peak area abundance ratios do not necessarily reflect absolute concentrations due to differences in ionization capacity and matrix effects bias for each metabolite.&lt;br&gt;Victim B also brought "something resembling a drug" (unrecognizable by Witness A) from his cousin (Witness B) in a cigarette box and mixed this substance with their tobacco. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is 5.69 nM (2.76–11.0 nM) on CB1, and 0.69 nM (0.30–1.56 nM) on CB2, in vitro half-life (t1/2) is 10.27 min . It is usually available as a powder, liquid (vapor fluid), or herbal plant mixtur</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">§ (3) of the Hungarian act of Forensic Experts (2016.XXIX), the data of the reported case can be utilized freely for scientific and educational purposes without special ethical permission. These results indicate that the simultaneous intoxication of SCRA and ethanol directly and exclusively caused the death of the two victims. The victims did not have any significant diseases that could have contributed to the outcome. Very limited data are available in the scientific literature about the possible effects of the combined consumption of SCRAs and ethanol. Several case reports describe that the presence of a little ng/mL (0.37–4.1) of SCRAs and a high—but not lethal—concentration of ethanol (1.45–2.7 g/L) directly and exclusively contributed to the death of the victim [24–27] (Table 2). The fact that 4F-MDMB-BINACA was not detected in postmortem urine samples is partly explained by the high rate of hepatic metabolism of SCRAs [11, 14, 22], but also suggests that the victims consumed 4F-MDMB-BINACA shortly before their death&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;A 30</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">min period, beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">function of dose, was used </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">analysis of dose-response data and calculation of ED50 values</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During test sessions, both levers were active, such </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ten consecutive responses </ins>on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either lever led to 5CLADBA reinforcement</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two prior training sessions</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses and dose ranges </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psychoactive effects, which is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in human users</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The purpose of the present study was </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB-FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug discrimination is currently the best model </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking in human&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;All of the compounds tested in the present </ins>study <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review </ins>by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">function of time </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min bins</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were 5CLADBA observed between 0–30 min. Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Effects </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual doses were compared to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control value using a priori contrasts. Response-rate data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measure analysis </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance. Percent drug-appropriate responding was shown only if at [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 5CLADBA] least three rats completed the first fixed ratio, whereas all rats are shown for the response rate dat&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;After the incubation, mixture was centrifuged (18,000 x g, 20 °C) for 5 min </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.5 μL of the supernatant was directly injected to the chromatographic system. In the next step</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ammonium formate as salting agent was added to the mixture </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incubated in a thermomixer (20 °C</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1200 rpm) for 15 min. After vortex-mixing, the mixture was allowed to stand 5CLADBA at room temperature for 5 min. MS/MS experiments were performed in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode with an isolation window </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.4 m/z. The MS measurement was performed in positive ion mode (except for some acidic compounds such as barbiturates</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2018), and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Demographic and clinical features are recorded and blood and/or urine samples analysed using high-resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Second, we could not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5CLADBA </ins>retrieve further detailed information about the e-cigarette that was used by the patient such as the label or the region of origin. Whether a recreational drug can be administered via vaping, depends on whether the drug becomes volatile under the evaporation temperature of the e-cigarette. Of these samples, 22 contained one or more SCRAs, THC was only detected in 11 samples, only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC and cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about the NPS, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili</div></td></tr> </table>

Norris9662 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=211225&oldid=prev 2026-05-22T12:18:34Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:18, 22 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gat</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">broader spectrum of detectable substances</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Despite all negative results in the point</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) </del>analysis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">showed that the liquid </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We report a 27-year</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">old man who </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">admitted to the emergency room because of sudden [</del>https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca] headache</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids </del>are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Data availability </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When </del>clinical <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">presentation </del>and/or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">QTOF</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS can be valuable and is recommended</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRAs and other NPS may </del>not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be detected by point</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">care DOA tests</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this case, </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">point</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of-care DOA urine screening </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not able to detect </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC separates </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The LC-QTOF-MS method offers </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more comprehensive and sensitive approach for </del>drug <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detection</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">covering hundreds of recreational drugs, including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge </del>the drug <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flow rate </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">air through </del>the e-cigarette <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and/or add a diluent </del>. Of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">all e-cigarette users registered at this forum</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. </del>SCRAs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">belong</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">together with synthetic opioids</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cathinones, amphetamines </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hallucinogens to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">new psychoactive substances (</del>NPS<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) that are currently developed at high speed</del>.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">changes in learning and memory function. Only a few case reports about </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dangers </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some synthetic cannabinoids due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012; McGuinness et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012; Harris and Brown</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013; Hermanns et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In addition</del>, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The substances </del>used in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">their parental structure</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ratio of damaged cells containing pyknotic or condensed nuclei and low hematoxilin affinity to total cells were calculated in nucleus accumben</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Synthetic cannabinoids have consistently been shown to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to those adb butinaca </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bannister and Connor, 2018</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-FUBINACA fully substituted for Δ9-THC (Gamage et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The chemical structures </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recent synthetic cannabinoids are unlike that </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC, but are largely based on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structure of older synthetic cannabinoids that are known to have substantial abuse liability </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fig. 1</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. All 5 compounds decreased locomotor activity and produced discriminative stimulus effects similar to those </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC, which suggests they may have abuse liability similar </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC. Subsequent testing identified 5F-ADB </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have been present in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">total </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ten people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Japan between September 2014 and December 2014</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA produced tremors </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">may </del>be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of increased risk </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">human recreational users</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael </del>B <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch &lt;br&gt;Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose </del>from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/kg. Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA in 3 </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8 mice </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">data not shown</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 to 3 h at the highest dose tested </del>(0.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 mg</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kg</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1 shows average horizontal activity counts/10 </del>min as a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">function of time </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0–4 h</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and dose of Δ9-TH</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Legal status &lt;br&gt;JWH-210 Chemical Powder offers a reliable solution for laboratories seeking a compound that meets stringent requirements</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers often require compounds that are consistent and dependable, and this product delivers on both fronts. Whether used in small-scale experiments or larger research projects, the compound maintains its integrity under recommended storage conditions. This ensures ease of handling and precise measurement during laboratory use. Each batch undergoes detailed verification to ensure purity, consistency, and accuracy, making it suitable for controlled experimental environments. This study was supported by a grant (13181MFDS654) of the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Republic of Kore</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2014), whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al., 2018), and the potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg. </ins>Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compound</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Effects of individual doses were compared to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control value using </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">priori contrasts</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Response</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rate data were analyzed by one</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">way repeated</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">measure </ins>analysis of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Percent drug</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shown only if at </ins>https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">least three rats completed the first fixed ratio</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whereas all rats </ins>are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shown for the response rate dat&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Demographic and </ins>clinical <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">features are recorded and blood </ins>and/or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine samples analysed using high</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">resolution accurate mass liquid chromatography</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mass spectrometry. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Second, we could </ins>not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb.com/ https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/] retrieve further detailed information about </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette that </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used by </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patient such as </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">label </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the region </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">origin</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Whether </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational </ins>drug <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be administered via vaping</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depends on whether </ins>the drug <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">becomes volatile under </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evaporation temperature </ins>of the e-cigarette. Of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these samples</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">22 contained one or more </ins>SCRAs, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC was only detected in 11 samples</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">only one contained cannabidiol and 6 contained a mixture of THC </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabidiol. There is difficulty in finding the right information about </ins>the NPS<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, defining their potency and confirmation of their existence in e-liquids or urine samples</ins>.&lt;br&gt;Data availabili&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contents by NLM or </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Institutes </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Health. It is illegal </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sell</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">distribute</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">supply</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The corresponding indole core analogue</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA</ins>), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">internet</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first being identified in May 2020</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been </ins>used <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as an active ingredient </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabis products and sold </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a designer drug since late 2018</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family.&lt;br&gt;Fig. </ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our findings revealed that both victims consumed large amounts </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alcohol preceding their deaths (blood alcohol concentrations </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BAC</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were 2.11 </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">49 g/L</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">respectively</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Forensic autopsy </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both victims was performed four days after </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death following </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Recommendation No.R </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">99</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 of the Council </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Europe on medico</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">legal autopsies. Elegans demonstrated the ability </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">form all </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the in</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vivo metabolites and has the potential </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be used as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complementary model to predict and characterize human metabolites, as well as identifying possible drug toxicities for emerging SCBs. Thus, identification </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the relevant urinary markers was based primarily upon the prevalence of the </ins>in<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-vivo metabolites instead of the metabolites ranking that was based upon % peak area abundance ratio</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions (age, gender https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb.com/ and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">obesity) would further complicate the metabolism of drugs. It should </ins>be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">noted that % peak area abundance ratios do not necessarily reflect absolute concentrations due to differences </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ionization capacity and matrix effects bias for each metabolite</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Victim </ins>B <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also brought "something resembling a drug" (unrecognizable by Witness A) </ins>from <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">his cousin (Witness B) in a cigarette box </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mixed this substance with their tobacco</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The half</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal effective concentration (EC50) </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA is 5.69 nM </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.76–11.0 nM</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on CB1</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">69 nM </ins>(0.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30–1.56 nM) on CB2, in vitro half-life (t1</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is 10</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">27 </ins>min <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. It is usually available </ins>as a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">powder, liquid </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vapor fluid</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, or herbal plant mixtur</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=211210&oldid=prev 2026-05-22T12:13:17Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:13, 22 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which was 74 Da lower than that for the 4F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">indicated N</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dealkylation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B22</del>. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">precursor ion m/z 348 and product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">addition </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxy adb butinaca group&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individual doses were compared </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the vehicle control value using </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">priori contrasts. Response-rate data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measure analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Percent drug-appropriate responding was shown only if at adb butinaca least three rats completed the first fixed ratio, whereas all rats are shown for the response rate dat&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</del>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca </del>observed between 0–30 min. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ adb butinaca] headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">availabl</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;A limitation of this case report is that we did not have a urine sample available for </del>additional <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NPS </del>testing. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Point</del>-of-care DOA tests <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">using urine to screen for misuse of multiple substances, regularly include cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, benzodiazepines and methadone</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine, SRCA, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), gamma</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ketamine are likely to become volatile under the temperature </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">current e</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarettes, while crack cocaine is hard to vaporise. A systematic review including data of 114 patients of which the majority </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intoxicated due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA smoking revealed that 45 % of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patients who present at the ER after an intoxication due to SCRA smoking recovered within 24 hours</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moreover, a study conducted in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United Kingdom investigated components </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liquids in 112 samples originating from prisoners</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">teenagers </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test purchases </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">commercially available </del>e-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarettes taken between 2014 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2021 </del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is the first case report that describes the toxicological symptoms of vaping ADB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BUTINACA</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Results </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the DOA test (including testing </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone</del>, opioids, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tricyclic antidepressants) were available within 30 minutes </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were all negative. We report a case of an involuntary intoxication of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA ADB-BUTINACA after vaping</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are several pitfalls in the detection of SCRA in samples taken from the patien</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Test 2 was performed everyday for 5 days after consecutive administration of the substances, including negative (vehicle) and positive (methamphetamine) controls. After the last administration, the first trial was performed. </del>Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </del>learning and memory function <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through administration </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the test substances</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Generally</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neurotoxicity of a substance is evaluated by animal behavioral aspects</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i.e. functional observation battery (FOB) tests (O’Callaghan </del>et al., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our results suggest that JWH-081 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH-210 may adb butinaca be neurotoxic </del>substances <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through changing neuronal cell damages, especially </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">core shell part </del>of nucleus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accumbens.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">About Powder JWH-2</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Each training session lasted a maximum </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats could earn up </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 food pellets</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the training sessions</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats received an injection </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle or </del>Δ9-THC <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and were subsequently placed in the behavior-</del>testing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chambers, where food (45</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reinforcer for every </del>ten <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered </del>over <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the hopper close </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ceiling </del>and was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">illuminated only when the levers </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">active</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included doses that </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">without effect to those producing at least 50% </del>depression <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compared </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston, TX</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston, TX</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at approximately 8 weeks of age </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maintained in the University </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drugs &lt;br&gt;Short-onset</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">short</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and long</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds pose problems </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs</ins>. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">h protocol have varied widely</ins>, with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some producing a duration </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trend </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds</ins>. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid. We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room because of sudden [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ adb butinaca] headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">available.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Data availability </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, </ins>additional testing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point</ins>-of-care DOA tests. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In this case</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the point</ins>-of-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">care DOA urine screening </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not able </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detect </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LC separates </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine or blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds. The LC-QTOF</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS method offers a more comprehensive and sensitive approach for drug detection, covering hundreds of recreational drugs</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including NPS. Besides increasing the temperature to enlarge the drug aerolisation </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioavailability, one can elevate the flow rate </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">air through the </ins>e-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette </ins>and<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/or add a diluent </ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Of all e</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarette users registered at this forum, 7.8 % vaped SCRAs </ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">About 15 % </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">individuals registered at forums </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis have also vaped SRCAs. SCRAs belong</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">together with synthetic </ins>opioids, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cathinones</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amphetamines </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hallucinogens to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Data availabili</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>learning and memory function<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Only a few case reports about the dangers </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al., 2012; McGuinness et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012; Harris and Brown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013; Hermanns </ins>et al., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In addition, the lack of information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However, slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neurotoxicity. The </ins>substances <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure. (B) The ratio </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">damaged cells containing pyknotic or condensed nuclei and low hematoxilin affinity to total cells were calculated in </ins>nucleus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">accumben</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Synthetic cannabinoids have consistently been shown to produce discriminative stimulus effects similar to those adb butinaca of Δ9-THC (Bannister and Connor, 2018), and MDMB-FUBINACA fully substituted for Δ9-THC (Gamage et al., 2018)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The chemical structures of the recent synthetic cannabinoids are unlike that </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but are largely based on </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structure of older synthetic cannabinoids that are known </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have substantial abuse liability (Fig. 1)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All 5 compounds decreased locomotor activity and produced discriminative stimulus effects similar </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">those of Δ9-THC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which suggests they may have abuse liability similar to that </ins>of Δ9-THC<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Subsequent </ins>testing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">identified 5F</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB to have been present in </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">total of </ins>ten <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses in Japan between September 2014 and December 2014. AMB-FUBINACA produced tremors and may be of increased risk in human recreational users</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Duration of the locomotor depression increased </ins>over <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.5 h following 1 mg/kg. Substantial depressant effects were observed within </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first 10 min, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial depressant effects </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed within the first 10 min, and maximal </ins>depression <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 to 3 h at the highest dose tested </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.5 mg/kg</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1 shows average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0–4 h</ins>) and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-TH</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=211191&oldid=prev 2026-05-22T12:06:52Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:06, 22 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Product ions detected at m/z 302, 217, and 145 (B2) </del>confirmed <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that tert-leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged, leading to </del>the structure elucidation of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a hydroxy-functional group at the 4-position of the butyl side chain by oxidative defluorinatio&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only to activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptor&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Similarly, </del>precursor ion <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">identified at </del>m/z <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">380 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B19/B21</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B23/B25) </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16 </del>Da <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">higher </del>than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B19/B21</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions </del>m/z <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">145 </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">161, respectively. Metabolites identified </del>at m/z <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">366 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B8, B9, B13</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">16 </del>Da <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">higher </del>than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have been reported [5,6,7,8,9], and this raises public health and social concerns. Due to their similar physiological effects to the principal psychoactive component </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), SCBs are gaining popularity and are often abused as recreational drugs. The fact that similar 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol concentrations were detected in the postmortem blood samples </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both victims suggests that both substances played a role in the fatal outcom</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com have been observed at </del>doses <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2016), and 5F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018). All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. Subsequently, a </del>one-way analysis of variance was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conducted on horizontal activity counts for </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">30-min period of maximal effect</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and planned comparisons were conducted </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">each dose against </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control using single degree-of-freedom F tests. A two-way analysis of variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gatch </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These findings are </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">agreement with earlier studies showing </del>the synthetic cannabinoids <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC </del>(see review by Wiley et al., 2017). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pretreatment times </del>and dose <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ranges for the drug discrimination assay </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">selected based on the time </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak depression in </del>the locomotor <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">activity assay in mice</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">As mentioned previously, short</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onset compounds have </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">greater abuse liability; further, compounds that have fewer adverse effects while they are active are likely to be preferred. All five of the compounds </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study fully substituted with a pretreatment time </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15 min</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suggesting </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rapid onset </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects. All </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the cathinones fully substituted </del>for the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tetrahydrocannabinol </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">≥80% drug</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Because response suppression may compromise stimulus control, rats failing </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">complete at least ten responses during the test session were excluded from </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the discriminative stimulus effects of that dose of test compoun</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This makes JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 powder one </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the most powerful compounds in its class, often used in incense blends and research settings. Our commitment </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quality and customer satisfaction makes us the best place </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jwh 210 buy-whether you need it for research</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incense blends, or other legal applications. For qualified professionals</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">investing in high-quality</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">verified material ensures accuracy</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">safety</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regulatory compliance</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prioritize vendors providing full analytical validation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transparent documentation</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and compliance with international controls. Value is best assessed through consistency</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">verifiable purity</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regulatory compliance—not cost alon</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4. Drugs </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In general</del>, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016)</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB produced sustained vocalization </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">convulsions in rats (Gatch et al</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2018). All of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Subsequently, a one-way analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>30<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-min period of maximal effect, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">planned comparisons </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conducted for each dose against </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control using single degree-of</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">freedom F tests</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A two-way analysis </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor, was conducted on horizontal activity counts/10 min interval. Locomotor activity </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times of peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB1 receptor.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gatch </del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial depressant effects were observed within </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first 10 min</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration. Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">data not shown</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial depressant effects were observed within </del>the first <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min, and maximal depression </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 h at </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/ cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com] highest dose tested </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 mg/kg</del>).&lt;br&gt;Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is indication that at least some </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 (Wiley et al., 2016)</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a compound from </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016). As previously mentioned, all </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the compounds tested </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study (MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CHMICA, MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and AMB-FUBINACA</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">act </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">agonists at CB1 receptors </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Banister et al., 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liability</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug discrimination study, but </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximum dose tested </del>was only <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 mg/kg, which is 10-fold lower than the </del>dose that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produced tremors </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Taken together these data further </ins>confirmed the structure elucidation of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B16. The </ins>precursor ion m/z <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">276 </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B1) detected</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">74 </ins>Da <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lower </ins>than <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that for </ins>the 4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ester hydrolysis metabolite </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B22</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, indicated N-dealkylation of B22. The precursor ion </ins>m/z <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">348 </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">product ion detected </ins>at m/z <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">217 </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B2</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">identified </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 </ins>Da <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">less </ins>than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">indicating oxidative defluorination (loss </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fluorine with addition </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hydroxy adb butinaca group</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Effects of individual </ins>doses were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compared to the vehicle control value using a priori contrasts</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Response</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rate data were analyzed by </ins>one-way <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">repeated-measure </ins>analysis of variance<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Percent drug-appropriate responding </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shown only if at adb butinaca least three rats completed </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first fixed ratio</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">whereas all rats are shown </ins>for the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">response rate dat&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of the compounds tested </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other </ins>synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) </ins>and dose<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adb butinaca observed between 0–30 min. Duration </ins>of the locomotor <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;LC-QTOF</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS represents </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">significant advancement </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">field </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">broader spectrum </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">detectable substances. Despite all negative results in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">point-</ins>of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-care test </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational drugs, </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-</ins>of-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">flight mass spectrometry </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LC-QTOF</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MS</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emergency room because </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sudden [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ adb butinaca] headache, nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly availabl</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A limitation of this case report is that we did not have a urine sample available for additional NPS testing. Point</ins>-of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-care DOA tests using urine </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">screen </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">misuse of multiple substances</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regularly include cannabis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amphetamines</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cocaine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">opioids</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">benzodiazepines </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methadone</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SRCA</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ketamine are likely to become volatile under the temperature of current e-cigarettes, while crack cocaine is hard to vaporise. A systematic review including data of 114 patients of which the majority was intoxicated due to SCRA smoking revealed that 45 % of the patients who present at the ER after an intoxication due to SCRA smoking recovered within 24 hours</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Moreover</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a study conducted in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">United Kingdom investigated components of e-liquids </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">112 samples originating from prisoners</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">teenagers </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test purchases of commercially available e</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cigarettes taken between 2014 </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2021 </ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first case report that describes </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">toxicological symptoms </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vaping ADB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BUTINACA</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Results </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the DOA test (including testing </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone, opioids, cannabis, tricyclic antidepressants) were available within </ins>30 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minutes </ins>and were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">all negative. We report a case of an involuntary intoxication of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA ADB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BUTINACA after vaping</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are several pitfalls in the detection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCRA </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">samples taken from </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">patien&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Test 2 was performed everyday for 5 days after consecutive administration of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">substances</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">including negative (vehicle) </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">positive </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methamphetamine</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">controls</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After the last administration, </ins>the first <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trial </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">performed</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Morris water maze test was performed </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evaluate the changes of learning and memory function through administration of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test substances. Generally, neurotoxicity of a substance is evaluated by animal behavioral aspects, i</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">functional observation battery (FOB) tests </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">O’Callaghan et al</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2014</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Our results suggest that JWH-081 and JWH-210 may adb butinaca be neurotoxic substances through changing neuronal cell damages, especially in the core shell part of nucleus accumbens.&lt;br&gt;About Powder JWH-2&lt;br&gt;</ins>&lt;br&gt;Figure 1. &lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each training session lasted a maximum </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10 min</ins>, and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats could earn up </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20 food pellets</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats received an injection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">behavior</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">testing chambers</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where food (45</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Serve</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frenchtown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was available </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a reinforcer for every ten responses </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FR10</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered over </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hopper close to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ceiling and </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">illuminated </ins>only <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when the levers were active</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each </ins>dose <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">range included doses </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

ClaudetteCorones https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=211180&oldid=prev 2026-05-22T12:03:00Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:03, 22 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or agreement with</del>, the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">contents by NLM or </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">National Institutes </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Health. </del>It is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">illegal </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sell</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">distribute</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">supply, transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. The corresponding indole core analogue, </del>4F-MDMB-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BICA </del>(4F-MDMB-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BUTICA</del>), <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has also </del>been <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on the internet</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">first being identified in May 2020</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic </del>cannabis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">products </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sold </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a designer drug since late 2018</del>. 4F-MDMB-BINACA <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">indazole-3-carboxamide family.</del>&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fig. </del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fig. 2. &lt;br&gt;Separation of compounds was performed on a 2.1 mm×100 mm</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1.7 [https://</del>cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/ 4F ADB] μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Waters) with guard cartridge</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">coupled with a Xevo TQ</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Waters</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">During </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an unopened box </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nebivolol</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">containing drug</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18 g </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Victim B also brought "something resembling a drug" (unrecognizable by Witness </del>A<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) from his cousin (Witness B) in a cigarette box and mixed this substance with their tobacco. The half</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximal effective concentration (EC50) </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA is 5.69 nM (2.76–11.0 nM) on CB1</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.69 nM (0.30–1.56 nM) </del>on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB2, in vitro half-life (t1</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2) is </del>10<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.27 </del>min . <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is usually available as a powder, liquid (vapor fluid), or herbal plant mixtur</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use of </del>synthetic cannabinoids (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Davidson, </del>et al., 2017). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One recent study has looked at other mechanisms </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">action </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">older synthetic cannabinoids and reported </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which </del>are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">related </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is not known whether </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">increased toxicity is due only to activation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than </del>Δ9-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC or whether these "super</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strength" cannabinoids produce </del>effects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at other receptors. A major cause </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">concern is </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">training sessions</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats received an injection of either vehicle </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the behavior</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">testing chambers</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frenchtown</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was illuminated only when the levers were active</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX). 4F ADB Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1</del>. &lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>rats <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could earn up to 20 food pellets</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">training sessions, rats received an injection </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle or </del>Δ9-THC and were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">subsequently placed in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">behavior</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">testing chambers, where food (45</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mg food pellets; Bio</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Serve</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frenchtown</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ) </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) </del>on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">centered over the hopper close </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the ceiling </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was illuminated only when the levers were </del>active. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included doses </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were without effect </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">those producing </del>at <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">least 50% </del>depression <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compared to vehicle control</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Twenty</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston, TX</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">obtained from Envigo (Houston</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX) </del>at <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">University of North Texas Health Science Center </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">UNTHSC</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Some mice showed abnormal behaviors </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">catalepsy</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">loss of traction</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">convulsion</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right after the administration </del>of the tested <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">substances. The locomotor activity of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice was measured 30 min </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 hrs after the last substance administration</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">We also examined their neurotoxicity using brain samples through histopathological diagnose</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">especially in the nucleus accumbens core region</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In histopathological analysis</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neural cells of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animals treated with </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">high </del>dose <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(5 </del>mg/kg<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) of JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">081 or JWH-210 showed distorted nuclei and nucleus membranes </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">core shell of nucleus accumbens, suggesting neurotoxicity</del>.&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Table of Conten</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Product ions detected at m/z 302, 217</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and 145 (B2) confirmed that tert-leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">leading to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structure elucidation of a hydroxy-functional group at </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4-position </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the butyl side chain by oxidative defluorinatio&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</ins>It is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not known whether the increased toxicity is due only </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptor&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Similarly</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">precursor ion identified at m/z 380 (B19/B21</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B23/B25) was 16 Da higher than </ins>the 4F-MDMB-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BINACA, indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain (B19/B21) and indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161, respectively. Metabolites identified at m/z 366 </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B8, B9, B13), which was 16 Da higher than the </ins>4F-MDMB-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22</ins>), <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have </ins>been <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reported [5,6,7,8,9]</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and this raises public health and social concerns</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to their similar physiological effects to the principal psychoactive component of </ins>cannabis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), SCBs are gaining popularity </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are often abused </ins>as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">recreational drugs</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The fact that similar </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and ethanol concentrations were detected in the postmortem blood samples of both victims suggests that both substances played a role in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fatal outcom</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In general</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects </ins>cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch et al</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 2016</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and 5F</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch et al., 2018</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoids tested </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. Subsequently</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a one-way analysis </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">min period of maximal effect</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-</ins>of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-freedom F tests</ins>. A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">two</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">way analysis </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variance</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with dose as a between groups factor </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time as a within subject factor, was conducted </ins>on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">horizontal activity counts</ins>/10 min <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interval</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gatch </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These findings are in agreement with earlier studies showing the </ins>synthetic cannabinoids <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see review by Wiley </ins>et al., 2017). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak depression </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor activity assay in mice. As mentioned previously, short-onset compounds have a greater abuse liability; further, compounds </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have fewer adverse effects while they are active </ins>are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">likely </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be preferred</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All five of the compounds in the present study fully substituted with a pretreatment time of 15 min</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">suggesting a rapid onset of the discriminative stimulus effects</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of the cathinones fully substituted for </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of Δ9-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tetrahydrocannabinol (≥80% drug</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appropriate responding). Because response suppression may compromise stimulus control, rats failing to complete at least ten responses during the test session were excluded from the analysis of the discriminative stimulus </ins>effects of that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test compoun</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This makes JWH-210 powder one of the most powerful compounds in its class, often used in incense blends and research settings. Our commitment </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quality and customer satisfaction makes us </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">best place for jwh 210 buy-whether you need it for research, incense blends</ins>, or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other legal applications. For qualified professionals, investing </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">high</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">quality</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">verified material ensures accuracy</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">safety</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and regulatory compliance</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Prioritize vendors providing full analytical validation, transparent documentation, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compliance with international controls</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Value is best assessed through consistency</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">verifiable purity</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regulatory compliance—not cost alon</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Drugs </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al., 2016)</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in </ins>rats <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Gatch et al., 2018)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of the synthetic cannabinoids tested in the present study fully substituted for </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of Δ9-THC<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Subsequently, a one-way analysis of variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period of maximal effect, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">planned comparisons </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conducted for each dose against </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vehicle control using single degree</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">freedom F tests. A two</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">way analysis of variance</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with dose as a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor</ins>, was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conducted </ins>on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">horizontal activity counts/10 min interval</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Locomotor activity in mice </ins>was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tested </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">screen for locomotor depressant effects </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to identify behaviorally-</ins>active <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dose ranges and times of peak effect</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Previous studies have demonstrated </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have substantial abuse liability and act </ins>at <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the CB1 receptor.&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gatch &lt;br&gt;Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal </ins>depression <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was observed between 0–30 min following administration</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tremors were observed 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">data not shown</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Substantial depressant effects </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed within the first 10 min</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min and lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h </ins>at the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com] highest dose tested </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0.5 mg/kg</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wiley et al., 2016), and a compound from the present study</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. As previously mentioned, all </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds </ins>tested <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study (MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">AMB-FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2015, 2016; Gamage et al</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2018), which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liability. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug discrimination study, but </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximum </ins>dose <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tested was only 0.1 </ins>mg/kg<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which is 10</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fold lower than the dose that produced tremors </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice</ins>.&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Michael B Gat</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

DamonAngas210 https://whdc.ac/index.php?title=4F-MDMB-BINACA_Wikipedia&diff=209596&oldid=prev 2026-05-21T07:02:30Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:02, 21 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use of synthetic cannabinoids (Davidson, et al., 2017). One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016). It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only to activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptors. A major cause of concern is that some of the more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Morris water maze test was performed </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evaluate the changes in learning and memory function. Only a few case reports about </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dangers of some synthetic cannabinoids due to neurotoxicity have been published (Cohen et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2012; McGuinness et al., 2012; Harris and Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013). In addition, the lack </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">information about neurotoxicity of synthetic cannabinoids could allow abusers consume those substances undiscerningly. However, slight structural changes might cause biochemical properties including dependence liability and neurotoxicity. The substances used in the present study both possess naphthoylindole moiety as their parental structure. (B) The ratio of damaged cells containing pyknotic </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">condensed nuclei </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">low hematoxilin affinity to total cells </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">calculated </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nucleus accumben&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;4. Drugs &lt;br&gt;Short</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">onset</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">short</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">see review by Wiley et al., 2017</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">function of time (10 min bins) and dose</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak depressant effects </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed between 0–30 min</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Michael B Gat&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at </del>doses that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">do not produce adverse effects, although tremors </del>were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed upon handling in mice that received JWH</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">210 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch et al</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and 5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">convulsions </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gatch et al., 2018</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">function </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">time (</del>10 min <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">peak depressant effects were https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com observed between 0–30 min. Duration of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1 mg/kg </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2.5 h following 1 mg/k&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The current study indicates that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">test compounds produce locomotor depression similar to that </del>of Δ9-THC<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fully substitute for </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">THC. In summary</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these 5F</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PINACA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA have similar abuse liability </del>as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and should be controlled in </del>a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">similar fashion</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Much of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in vivo [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com] testing of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">synthetic cannabinoid compounds have been pre-clinical studies focused on their cannabinoid-like effects or like </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present study, focused on their abuse liability</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is indication </del>that at least <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some of the first</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wiley et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and a compound </del>from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Asaoka et al.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2016&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Despite all negative results </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">point-of-care test for recreational drugs, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-</del>of<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-flight mass spectrometry </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">LC-QTOF-MS</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoi</del>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although there were reports on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolism </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F-MDMB-BINACA using in-vivo </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">various in-vitro models, studies were either conducted </del>using <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">small in-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 </del>samples <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[5</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">29] or </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons </del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">although they are limited by </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes, including </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cytochrome P450 </del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CYP</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">class </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">proteins [17, 18]. In</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell cultures </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urine, </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">identification </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metabolites is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs. The proliferation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug law</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. It is illegal to sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade the pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. The corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA), has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on the internet, first being identified in May 2020. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA (also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family.&lt;br&gt;Fig. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Fig. 2. &lt;br&gt;Separation of compounds was performed on a 2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 4F ADB] μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column (Waters) with guard cartridge. Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ-S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters). During the death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box.&lt;br&gt;Victim B also brought "something resembling a drug" (unrecognizable by Witness A) from his cousin (Witness B) in a cigarette box and mixed this substance with their tobacco. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 4F-MDMB-BINACA is 5.69 nM (2.76–11.0 nM) on CB1, and 0.69 nM (0.30–1.56 nM) on CB2, in vitro half-life (t1/2) is 10.27 min . It is usually available as a powder, liquid (vapor fluid), or herbal plant mixtur&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;</ins>Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure have been reported following use of synthetic cannabinoids (Davidson, et al., 2017). One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016). It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only to activation of CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than Δ9-THC or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptors. A major cause of concern is that some of the more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than the older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">training sessions</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats received an injection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Δ9-THC </ins>and were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">subsequently placed </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the behavior</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">testing chambers</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where food (45</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Serve</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frenchtown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ) was available as </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reinforcer </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">every ten responses </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FR10</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was illuminated only when the levers </ins>were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">active</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included </ins>doses that were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston, TX)</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4F ADB Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at approximately 8 weeks of age </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maintained </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the University of North Texas Health Science Center </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 1. </ins>&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each training session lasted </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maximum </ins>of 10 min<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thirty minutes prior </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">either vehicle or </ins>Δ9-THC and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were subsequently placed in </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">behavior</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">testing chambers</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">where food (45</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Serve</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frenchtown</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NJ) was available </ins>as a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A houselight was centered over </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hopper close to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ceiling and was illuminated only when </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">levers were active</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Each dose range included doses </ins>that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were without effect to those producing </ins>at least <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained </ins>from <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Envigo </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Houston</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">University </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">North Texas Health Science Center </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">UNTHSC</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</ins>&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some mice showed abnormal behaviors (catalepsy, loss of traction, convulsion) right after </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">administration </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the tested substances. The locomotor activity of the mice was measured 30 min </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2 hrs after the last substance administration. We also examined their neurotoxicity </ins>using <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">brain </ins>samples <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through histopathological diagnose</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">especially </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the nucleus accumbens core region</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In histopathological analysis</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">neural cells of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animals treated with </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">high dose </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5 mg/kg</ins>) of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">081 </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JWH-210 showed distorted nuclei </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nucleus membranes </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">core shell </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nucleus accumbens, suggesting neurotoxicity</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">&lt;br&gt;Table </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Conten</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

CarinPatino726